Environmental DNA (eDNA) as a Tool for Freshwater Fish Biodiversity Monitoring in Bhutan: A Review

Abstract

Bhutan’s freshwater ecosystems are home to diverse and unique fish species, many of which are under threat from hydropower development, urbanization, and invasive species. Traditional fish biodiversity monitoring methods, such as net sampling and electrofishing, are limited by logistical challenges, species detection biases, and resource constraints, particularly in Bhutan’s rugged and remote landscapes. Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a promising solution by enabling non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly sensitive species detection through the analysis of genetic material in environmental samples. This review explores the potential of eDNA to revolutionize fish biodiversity monitoring in Bhutan, highlighting its advantages in detecting cryptic and rare species, informing conservation efforts, and supporting long-term ecosystem monitoring. The challenges of implementing eDNA in Bhutan, such as the need for infrastructure, skilled personnel, and funding, are discussed, along with potential future applications for ecosystem management and invasive species control. By investing in eDNA technology, Bhutan can enhance its biodiversity conservation strategies, contributing to the global understanding of freshwater ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots.